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The confounding variable makes the results of the analysis unreliable. It is quite likely that we are just measuring the fact that highway driving results in better fuel economy than city driving. In statistics terms, the make of the truck is the independent variable, the fuel economy (MPG) is the dependent variable and the amount of city ...
Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...
All of those examples deal with a lurking variable, which is simply a hidden third variable that affects both of the variables observed to be correlated. That third variable is also known as a confounding variable, with the slight difference that confounding variables need not be hidden and may thus be corrected for in an analysis. Note that ...
In the first example provided above, the sex of the patient would be a nuisance variable. For example, consider if the drug was a diet pill and the researchers wanted to test the effect of the diet pills on weight loss. The explanatory variable is the diet pill and the response variable is the amount of weight loss.
Propensity scores are used to reduce confounding by equating groups based on these covariates. Suppose that we have a binary treatment indicator Z, a response variable r, and background observed covariates X. The propensity score is defined as the conditional probability of treatment given background variables:
“It is always confounding to me why long-term investors buy short-term investments and then say, ‘Well, I might need the money,’ but they cannot even articulate what they may need the money for.
In this example, the "lurking" variable (or confounding variable) causing the paradox is the size of the stones, which was not previously known to researchers to be important until its effects were included. [citation needed] Which treatment is considered better is determined by which success ratio (successes/total) is larger.
Alcohol is an ingrained part of how we celebrate and define social enjoyment, but that could change. “People smoked in restaurants, people smoked at the movies; people smoked everywhere,” says ...