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They set a limit on the anisotropy of the speed of light resulting from the Earth's motions of Δc/c ≈ 10 −15, where Δc is the difference between the speed of light in the x- and y-directions. [33] As of 2015, optical and microwave resonator experiments have improved this limit to Δc/c ≈ 10 −18.
While at Annapolis, he conducted his first experiments on the speed of light, as part of a class demonstration in 1877. His Annapolis experiment was refined, and in 1879, [17] he measured the speed of light in air to be 299 864 ± 51 kilometres per second, and estimated the speed of light in vacuum as 299 940 km/s, or 186 380 mi/s.
The Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment (1925) is a modified version of the Michelson–Morley experiment and the Sagnac-Interferometer. It measured the Sagnac effect due to Earth's rotation , and thus tests the theories of special relativity and luminiferous ether along the rotating frame of Earth .
Michelson's final 1931 attempt to measure the speed of light in vacuum was interrupted by his death. Although his experiment was completed posthumously by F. G. Pease and F. Pearson, various factors militated against a measurement of highest accuracy, including an earthquake which disturbed the baseline measurement.
Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment: Albert A. Michelson and Henry G. Gale: Measurement Earth's rotation: 1929 Rüchardt experiment: Eduard Rüchardt: Measurement Heat capacity ratio: 1932 Kennedy–Thorndike experiment: Roy J. Kennedy and Edward M. Thorndike Confirmation Inertial frame invariance of speed of light 1938 Ives–Stilwell experiment
In the 1887 Michelson–Morley experiment, the round trip distance that the two beams traveled down the precisely equal arms was expected to be made unequal because of the, now deprecated, idea that light is constrained to travel as a mechanical wave at the speed C only in the rest frame of the luminiferous aether.
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Michelson–Morley (1887), more conclusive than the original experiment by Michelson (1881) and difficult to reconcile with their experiment of 1886, or other first-order measurements; Kaufmann’s 1906 repetition of his 1902 experiment, because he claimed to contradict the model of Einstein and Lorentz, considered consistent with the data from ...