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  2. Mean absolute percentage error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_absolute_percentage_error

    It is a measure used to evaluate the performance of regression or forecasting models. It is a variant of MAPE in which the mean absolute percent errors is treated as a weighted arithmetic mean. Most commonly the absolute percent errors are weighted by the actuals (e.g. in case of sales forecasting, errors are weighted by sales volume). [3]

  3. Symmetric mean absolute percentage error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_mean_absolute...

    The following example illustrates this by applying the second SMAPE formula: Over-forecasting: A t = 100 and F t = 110 give SMAPE = 4.76%; Under-forecasting: A t = 100 and F t = 90 give SMAPE = 5.26%.

  4. Mean percentage error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_percentage_error

    where is the actual value of the quantity being forecast, is the forecast, and is the number of different times for which the variable is forecast. Because actual rather than absolute values of the forecast errors are used in the formula, positive and negative forecast errors can offset each other; as a result, the formula can be used as a ...

  5. Tracking signal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_signal

    One form of tracking signal is the ratio of the cumulative sum of forecast errors (the deviations between the estimated forecasts and the actual values) to the mean absolute deviation. [1] The formula for this tracking signal is: = ()

  6. Exponential smoothing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_smoothing

    Exponential smoothing or exponential moving average (EMA) is a rule of thumb technique for smoothing time series data using the exponential window function.Whereas in the simple moving average the past observations are weighted equally, exponential functions are used to assign exponentially decreasing weights over time.

  7. Mean absolute scaled error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_absolute_scaled_error

    When comparing forecasting methods, the method with the lowest MASE is the preferred method. Non-time series data. For non-time series data, ...

  8. Autoregressive integrated moving average - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive_integrated...

    The order p and q can be determined using the sample autocorrelation function (ACF), partial autocorrelation function (PACF), and/or extended autocorrelation function (EACF) method. [ 10 ] Other alternative methods include AIC, BIC, etc. [ 10 ] To determine the order of a non-seasonal ARIMA model, a useful criterion is the Akaike information ...

  9. Bass diffusion model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_diffusion_model

    The Bass model has been widely used in forecasting, especially new product sales forecasting and technology forecasting. Mathematically, the basic Bass diffusion is a Riccati equation with constant coefficients equivalent to Verhulst—Pearl logistic growth. In 1969, Frank Bass published his paper on a new product growth model for consumer ...