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In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Liber (/ ˈ l aɪ b ər / LY-bər, Latin:; "the free one"), also known as Liber Pater ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture and wine, male fertility and freedom. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of their Aventine Triad.
The Munich Manual of Demonic Magic or Liber incantationum, exorcismorum et fascinationum variarum (CLM 849 of the Bavarian State Library, Munich) is a fifteenth-century goetic grimoire manuscript. The text, composed in Latin, is largely concerned with demonology and necromancy .
Probably the oldest known description and image of the Sigillum Dei is the 14th-century Liber Juratus (also Liber Sacratus, Liber sacer sive Juratus, or Sworn Booke), [1] attributed to Honorius, son of Euclid. [2] This may have been produced in the late 13th century, but likely not before the time of Pope John XXII. (1316–1334). [3]
The Aventine Triad was established soon after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy and establishment of the Republic. [5] Rome's majority of citizen commoners were ruled by the patricians, a small number of powerful, landed aristocrats who asserted a traditional, exclusive right to Rome's highest religious, political and military offices.
Libertas was associated with the pileus, a cap commonly worn by freed slaves: [3]. Among the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus (πίλεον λευκόν, Diodorus Siculus Exc. Leg. 22 p625, ed. Wess.; Plaut.
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The Chronicon (Chronicle) or Temporum liber (Book of Times) was a universal chronicle written by Jerome.It was one of his earliest attempts at history. It was composed c. 380 in Constantinople; this is a translation into Latin of the chronological tables which compose the second part of the Chronicon of Eusebius, with a supplement covering the period from 325 to 379.
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