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A HiRISE image of a lava tube skylight entrance on the Martian volcano Pavonis Mons.. Caves and other underground structures, including Martian lava tubes, canyon overhangs, and other Martian cavities would be potentially useful for crewed missions, for they would provide considerable shielding from both the elements and intense solar radiation to which a Mars mission would expose astronauts.
For example, one idea is to use the locally available regolith to shield against radiation exposure, and another idea is to use transparent ice to allow non-harmful light to enter the habitat. [8] Mars habitat design can also involve the study of local conditions, including pressures, temperatures, and local materials, especially water. [8]
Martian lava tubes are volcanic caverns on Mars that are believed to form as a result of fast-moving, basaltic lava flows associated with shield volcanism. [1] Lava tubes usually form when the external surface of the lava channels cools more quickly and forms a hardened crust over subsurface lava flows. [ 2 ]
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The Mars Global Cave Candidate Catalog (MGC3) provides latitude and longitude coordinates, feature type, priority (confidence) rating, and a brief comment about each candidate. Types of cave entrances identified in the catalog include lava tube skylights, deep fractures, Atypical Pit Craters (APCs), and other void spaces in karst-similar terrains.
Whether the shield volcanoes were caused by antipodal impacts like that which produced Hellas, or if it is mere coincidence, is unknown. Elevation profiles along south to north transects across Mars' Hellas basin and the Moon's South Pole-Aitken basin, created with Lunar Quickmap and Mars Quickmap