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Duplicating machines were the predecessors of modern document-reproduction technology. They have now been replaced by digital duplicators, scanners , laser printers , and photocopiers , but for many years they were the primary means of reproducing documents for limited-run distribution.
An A4-size Gestetner offset-printing machine. The Gestetner is a type of duplicating machine named after its inventor, David Gestetner (1854–1939). During the 20th century, the term Gestetner was used as a verb—as in Gestetnering. [1] The Gestetner company established its base in London, filing its first patent in 1879.
Duplicating in the year B.C. - Before (xerographic) Copies at the Wayback Machine (archived June 24, 2009) Making Copies from Carbon to Kinkos; Copies in Seconds (PDF) Antique Copying Machines at Officemuseum.com; Office and Reprographic Printing Cheatsheet – Preservation Self-Assessment Program
Riso Kagaku Corporation (理想科学工業株式会社, Risō Kagaku Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese corporation which is the inventor, manufacturer, and distributor of the RISO Printer-Duplicator, a.k.a. Risograph. This device automatically creates a stencil-type master (from a paper original or digital file), thereby enabling it ...
A Polygraph is a duplicating device that produces a copy of a piece of writing simultaneously with the creation of the original, using pens and ink. Patented by John Isaac Hawkins on May 17, 1803, it was most famously used by the third U.S. president, Thomas Jefferson , who acquired his first polygraph in 1804 and later suggested improvements ...
A spirit duplicator (also Rexograph and Ditto machine in North America, Banda machine and Fordigraph machine in the U.K. and Australia) is a printing method invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld, which was used for most of the 20th century. The term "spirit duplicator" refers to the alcohols that were the principal solvents used in generating ...
David Gestetner (31 March 1854 – 8 March 1939) was the inventor of the Gestetner stencil duplicator, the first piece of office equipment that allowed production of numerous copies of documents quickly and inexpensively. He also invented a new kind of nail clipper. Gestetner was awarded the John Scott Medal by The Franklin Institute in 1888.
A Rotary Cyclostyle No. 6 duplicating press. French advertisement for the Gestetner Cyclostyle, circa 1900. The Cyclostyle duplicating process is a form of stencil copying. A stencil is cut on wax or glazed paper by using a pen-like object with a small rowel or spur-wheel on its tip. A large number of small short lines are cut out in the glazed ...