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A similar physical sign had been described by Carl von Fernwald Braun. [2] It comes from an era when laboratory tests for pregnancy had not been developed, but experience gained in pelvic examination during early pregnancy by western gynecologists led them to publish their physical findings, allowing clinical diagnosis of pregnancy. [ 3 ]
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), also known as obstetric cholestasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, jaundice of pregnancy, and prurigo gravidarum, [1] is a medical condition in which cholestasis occurs during pregnancy. [2] It typically presents with itching and can lead to complications for both mother and fetus. [2]
The sign is usually present from 4–6 weeks [2] until the 12th week of pregnancy. Hegar's sign is more difficult to recognize in multiparous women. Interpretation: On bimanual examination (two fingers in the anterior fornix and two fingers below the uterus per abdomen), the abdominal and vaginal fingers seem to oppose below the body of uterus ...
[4] [5] This is just over nine months. Counting by fertilization age, the length is about 38 weeks. [5] [13] Pregnancy is "the presence of an implanted human embryo or fetus in the uterus"; implantation occurs on average 8–9 days after fertilization. [15]
Cervix with a bluish-violet discolouration. Chadwick sign is a medical clinical sign characterised by the bluish-violet discolouration of the mucous membranes of the vulva, vagina (particularly on the anterior vaginal wall), and the cervix, resulting from venous congestion due to increased blood flow as part of the maternal physiological changes in pregnancy.
[4] [5] Presence of these types of complications can have implications on monitoring lab work, imaging, and medical management during pregnancy. [ 4 ] Severe complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium are present in 1.6% of mothers in the US, [ 6 ] and in 1.5% of mothers in Canada. [ 7 ]
The rate is higher for multiple pregnancies (32.4% compared with 10.6% for singletons), and for first-time mothers (12.9% compared with 10.0% for women in subsequent pregnancies). [57] The overall rate of severe PPH (>1000 ml) was much lower at an overall rate of 2.8%, again with the highest rate in Africa (5.1%). [57]
The estimated date of delivery (EDD), also known as expected date of confinement, [1] and estimated due date or simply due date, is a term describing the estimated delivery date for a pregnant woman. [2] Normal pregnancies last between 38 and 42 weeks. [3] Children are delivered on their expected due date about 4% of the time. [4]