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A similar physical sign had been described by Carl von Fernwald Braun. [2] It comes from an era when laboratory tests for pregnancy had not been developed, but experience gained in pelvic examination during early pregnancy by western gynecologists led them to publish their physical findings, allowing clinical diagnosis of pregnancy. [ 3 ]
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), also known as obstetric cholestasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, jaundice of pregnancy, and prurigo gravidarum, [1] is a medical condition in which cholestasis occurs during pregnancy. [2] It typically presents with itching and can lead to complications for both mother and fetus. [2]
In clinical practice, post-test probabilities are often just estimated or even guessed. This is usually acceptable in the finding of a pathognomonic sign or symptom, in which case it is almost certain that the target condition is present; or in the absence of finding a sine qua non sign or symptom, in which case it is almost certain that the target condition is absent.
[4] [5] Presence of these types of complications can have implications on monitoring lab work, imaging, and medical management during pregnancy. [ 4 ] Severe complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium are present in 1.6% of mothers in the US, [ 6 ] and in 1.5% of mothers in Canada. [ 7 ]
About 10% of pregnancies globally are complicated by hypertensive diseases. [4] In the United States, hypertensive disease of pregnancy affects about 8% to 13% of pregnancies. [3] Rates have increased in the developing world. [3] They resulted in 29,000 deaths in 2013 down from 37,000 deaths in 1990. [5]
The rate is higher for multiple pregnancies (32.4% compared with 10.6% for singletons), and for first-time mothers (12.9% compared with 10.0% for women in subsequent pregnancies). [57] The overall rate of severe PPH (>1000 ml) was much lower at an overall rate of 2.8%, again with the highest rate in Africa (5.1%). [57]
3 and CO 2 and increased blood pH) and often hypokalemia (potassium depletion). The hypokalemia is an indirect result of the kidney compensating for the loss of acid. With the loss of intake of food the individual may eventually become cachectic. A less frequent occurrence results from a vomiting of intestinal contents, including bile acids and ...
The sign is usually present from 4–6 weeks [2] until the 12th week of pregnancy. Hegar's sign is more difficult to recognize in multiparous women. Interpretation: On bimanual examination (two fingers in the anterior fornix and two fingers below the uterus per abdomen), the abdominal and vaginal fingers seem to oppose below the body of uterus ...