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Social disruption is a term used in sociology to describe the alteration, dysfunction or breakdown of social life, often in a community setting. Social disruption implies a radical transformation, in which the old certainties of modern society are falling away and something quite new is emerging. [ 1 ]
The Tinker test, also known as the "substantial disruption" test, is still used by courts today to determine whether a school's interest to prevent disruption infringes upon students' First Amendment rights. The Court famously opined, "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech ...
The Supreme Court ruled broadly that students' freedom of speech was not limited simply for being on school grounds, but schools do have a compelling interest to limit speech that may "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school", what is known as the Tinker test for ...
School disturbance laws started to become integral to school discipline in the 1990s, in response to rising fears of school violence, high-profile shootings in schools (such as the Columbine High School massacre), and passage of "zero-tolerance laws" such as the Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994, following which many more police were installed in ...
Justice, Justice: School Politics and the Eclipse of Liberalism (Peter Lang, 2004) Perlstein, Daniel. "Community Control of Schools" in Encyclopedia of African American Education, ed by Kofo Lomotey (Sage, 2010) pp 182–184. Ravitch, Diane. The great school wars: A history of the New York City public schools (1974) partly online pp 308–391
Schools and universities have closed and in some form e-learning has developed. [27] Taiwan: Schools were closed in a two-week extension of holidays in spring 2020. In 2021, schools were closed from 19 May until the start of the new academic year on 1 September. This second period of nationwide closures was due to a spike in domestic COVID-19 ...
Thus, for Judge Kleinfeld, "the question comes down to whether a school may, in the absence of concern about disruption of educational activities, punish and censor non-disruptive, off-campus speech by students during school-authorized activities because the speech promotes a social message contrary to the one favored by the school.
The once and future school: Three hundred and fifty years of American secondary education (1996). Parkerson Donald H., and Jo Ann Parkerson. Transitions in American education: a social history of teaching (2001) online; Reese, William J. America's Public Schools: From the Common School to No Child Left Behind (Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2005 ...