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In automotive suspension, a steering knuckle or upright is that part which contains the wheel hub or spindle, and attaches to the suspension and steering components. [1] The terms spindle and hub are sometimes used interchangeably with steering knuckle, but refer to different parts.
In an automobile, the wheel spindle, sometimes called simply the spindle, is the part of the suspension system that carries the hub for the wheel and attaches to the upper and lower control arms. Spindles are carried by steering knuckles or "uprights". [1]
A simple MacPherson strut suspension on the left front wheel of a rear-wheel drive vehicle. The front of the vehicle is at bottom right of the image. Upper green: Vehicle body/strut interface Red: Steering knuckle or hub carrier Blue: Lower control arm or track control arm Light blue: Steering gear tie rod or track rod Lower purple: Radius rod
Ackermann steering has the two advantages that it reduces tyre scrub, the need to drag tyres sideways across their tread when turning the steering, and also it reduced bump steer, suspension and road bumps tending to upset the steering direction. The kingpins were now fixed to the axle ends and the hub carriers pivoted upon them.
Double wishbone suspension in action, displayed at the Toyota Museum in Nagoya, Japan. At the knuckle end, single ball joints are typically used, in which case the steering loads have to be taken via a steering arm, and the wishbones look A- or L-shaped.
Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. [1] Suspension systems must support both road holding/handling and ride quality, [2] which are at odds with each other. The tuning of suspensions involves finding the right compromise.