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Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Latin: Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire. He reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
Clodius Albinus, the commander of Roman troops in Britain and Iberia, took the title Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus. 197: 19 February: Battle of Lugdunum: Septimius Severus and Albinus met in battle at Lugdunum. Albinus committed suicide or was killed. Roman–Parthian Wars: Septimius Severus sacked the Parthian ...
On 1 March 293, authority was further divided. Each augustus took a junior emperor called a caesar to aid him in administrative matters, and to provide a line of succession. Galerius became caesar for Diocletian and Constantius Chlorus caesar for Maximian. This constituted what is called the Tetrarchy by modern scholars, as each emperor would ...
This is a timeline of ancient Greece from its emergence around 800 BC to its subjection to the Roman Empire in 146 BC. For earlier times, see Greek Dark Ages, Aegean civilizations and Mycenaean Greece. For later times see Roman Greece, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Greece. For modern Greece after 1820, see Timeline of modern Greek history.
Augustus depicted as a magistrate at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Modern historians conventionally regard Augustus as the first emperor, whereas Julius Caesar is considered the last dictator of the Roman Republic, a view that is shared by the Roman writers Plutarch, Tacitus, and Cassius Dio. [6]
49 BC - Caesar crosses the Rubicon in order to take Rome. 44 BC - Caesar elects himself dictator, and in March is killed by Brutus and Cassius; 27 BC - Augustus is made Rome's first emperor. 13 BC - The Senate commissions the Ara Pacis to honor Augustus' return to Rome. c. 60 AD - Paul the Apostle arrives in Rome.
At the start of the Empire, knowledge of Greek was useful to pass as educated nobility and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military, government, or law. [71] Bilingual inscriptions indicate the everyday interpenetration of the two languages. [72] Latin and Greek's mutual linguistic and cultural influence is a complex topic. [73]