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The most common shunts are the Modified Blalock Taussig shunt (MBTS) or right ventricle- to pulmonary artery shunt (RVPA or Sano shunt). Most patients who undergo a Norwood procedure will proceed to further stages of single ventricle palliation. A second surgery, also known as the Glenn procedure, occurs at 4–6 months of age.
A Sano shunt is a shunt from the right ventricle to the pulmonary circulation. [1] [2] [3] In contrast to a Blalock–Taussig shunt, circulation is primarily in systole. [citation needed] It is sometimes used as the first step in a Norwood procedure. [citation needed] This procedure was pioneered by the Japanese cardiothoracic surgeon Shunji ...
Currently, infants undergo either the staged reconstructive surgery (Norwood or Sano procedure within a few days of birth, Glenn or Hemi-Fontan procedure at 3 to 6 months of age, and the Fontan procedure at 1 1/2 to 5 years of age) or cardiac transplantation. [10] Current expectations are that 70% of those with HLHS may reach adulthood. [18]
This modification removes the need to cut off blood supply and makes it easier to regulate the blood flow to the lungs. Some centers now use a shunt directly from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, a Sano shunt. This is done to avoid the reduced diastolic blood flow in the coronary circulation associated with the mBTT shunt.
The bidirectional Glenn is a modification where the SVC connects proximally to the bifurcation of the pulmonary arteries. [13] In modern use, the bidirectional Glenn shunt is the second stage, usually following the Norwood procedure and preceding the Fontan repair .
The Hamilton–Norwood scale is used to classify the stages of male pattern baldness. It is a widely accepted and reproducible classification system for male pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia). The stages are described with a number from 1 to 7 with a type A variant for the cases with anterior involvement. [1]
Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons.It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting); to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, [1] and ...
Cellular cardiomyoplasty is a method which augments myocardial function and cardiac output by directly growing new muscle cells in the damaged myocardium (heart muscle). ). Tissue engineering, which is now being categorized as a form of regenerative medicine, can be defined as biomedical engineering to reconstruct, repair, and improve biological tis