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A pull-off test, also called stud pull test, is a type of test in which an adhesive connection is made between a stud and a carrier (or object to be tested) by using a glue, possibly an epoxy or polyester resin, that is stronger than the bond that needs to be tested.
There are different scales, denoted by a single letter, that use different loads or indenters. The result is a dimensionless number noted as HRA, HRB, HRC, etc., where the last letter is the respective Rockwell scale. Larger numbers correspond to harder materials. When testing metals, indentation hardness correlates linearly with tensile ...
Twenty eight days is a long wait to determine if desired strengths are going to be obtained, so three-day and seven-day strengths can be useful to predict the ultimate 28-day compressive strength of the concrete. A 25% strength gain between 7 and 28 days is often observed with 100% OPC (ordinary Portland cement) mixtures, and between 25% and 40 ...
The measurement must be redone with adjacent scale type. Pig sticker used to measure the hardness of pugged clay. Durometer is a dimensionless quantity, and there is no simple relationship between a material's durometer in one scale, and its durometer in any other scale, or by any other hardness test. [1]
High-strength concrete has a compressive strength greater than 40 MPa (6000 psi). In the UK, BS EN 206-1 [3] defines High strength concrete as concrete with a compressive strength class higher than C50/60. High-strength concrete is made by lowering the water-cement (W/C) ratio to 0.35 or lower.
For most normal-scale applications to metals and fine-grained ceramics, except for micrometer scale devices, the size is large enough for the Weibull theory to apply (but not for coarse-grained materials such as concrete). From Eq. 2 one can show that the mean strength and the coefficient of variation of strength are obtained as follows:
The adhesion of concrete or grout to prestressing strands, wires or bars, or to unstressed reinforcement, either through friction or mechanical interlock. [1]: 9 bond strength The resistance to separation of hardened concrete or grout from prestressing strands, wires or bars, or from unstressed reinforcement.
The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall. [ 16 ] For design purposes, this compressive strength value is restricted by dividing with a factor of safety, whose value depends on the design philosophy used.