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  2. Problem of induction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction

    For example, one might argue that it is valid to use inductive inference in the future because this type of reasoning has yielded accurate results in the past. However, this argument relies on an inductive premise itself—that past observations of induction being valid will mean that future observations of induction will also be valid.

  3. Newcomb's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb's_paradox

    (That common cause may be, for example, the player's brain state at some particular time before the second stage begins.) It is also notable that Burgess highlights a similarity between Newcomb's paradox and the Kavka's toxin puzzle. In both problems one can have a reason to intend to do something without having a reason to actually do it.

  4. Inductive reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning

    Inductive reasoning refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which broad generalizations or principles are derived from a set of observations. [1] [2] Unlike deductive reasoning (such as mathematical induction), where the conclusion is certain, given the premises are correct, inductive reasoning produces conclusions that are at best probable, given the evidence provided.

  5. New riddle of induction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_riddle_of_induction

    Goodman poses Hume's problem of induction as a problem of the validity of the predictions we make. Since predictions are about what has yet to be observed and because there is no necessary connection between what has been observed and what will be observed, there is no objective justification for these predictions.

  6. Statistical syllogism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_syllogism

    If the population is, say, a large number of balls which are black or white but in an unknown proportion, and one takes a large sample and finds they are all white, then it is likely, using this statistical syllogism, that the population is all or nearly all white. That is an example of inductive reasoning. [7]

  7. List of philosophical problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems

    Scottish philosopher David Hume first formulated the problem of induction, [12] arguing there is no non-circular way to justify inductive reasoning. That is, reasoning based on inferring general conclusions from specific observations. This is a problem because induction is widely used in everyday life and scientific reasoning, e.g.,

  8. Turkey illusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_illusion

    Turkey illusion is a cognitive bias describing the surprise resulting from a break in a trend, if one does not know the causes or the framework conditions for this trend. [1]

  9. Raven paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_paradox

    This raises the broader question of the relation of probability theory to inductive reasoning. Karl Popper argued that probability theory alone cannot account for induction. His argument involves splitting a hypothesis, , into a part that is deductively entailed by the evidence, , and another part. This can be done in two ways.