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"Approximate Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations and Their Systems Through Discrete and Continuous Embedded Runge-Kutta Formulae and Upgrading Their Order". Computers & Mathematics with Applications .
In numerical analysis, the Runge–Kutta methods (English: / ˈ r ʊ ŋ ə ˈ k ʊ t ɑː / ⓘ RUUNG-ə-KUUT-tah [1]) are a family of implicit and explicit iterative methods, which include the Euler method, used in temporal discretization for the approximate solutions of simultaneous nonlinear equations. [2]
On Padé approximations to the exponential function and A-stable methods for the numerical solution of initial value problems (PDF) (Thesis). Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-56670-0.
This article lists mathematical properties and laws of sets, involving the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and complementation and the relations of set equality and set inclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expressions, and performing calculations, involving these operations and relations.
In mathematics, equality is a relationship between two quantities or expressions, stating that they have the same value, or represent the same mathematical object. [1] [2] Equality between A and B is written A = B, and pronounced "A equals B". In this equality, A and B are distinguished by calling them left-hand side (LHS), and right-hand side ...
The pure theory of equality contains formulas of first-order logic with equality, where the only predicate symbol is equality itself and there are no function symbols. Consequently, the only form of an atomic formula is x = y {\displaystyle x=y} where x , y {\displaystyle x,y} are (possibly identical) variables.
In logic, extensionality, or extensional equality, refers to principles that judge objects to be equal if they have the same external properties. It stands in contrast to the concept of intensionality , which is concerned with whether the internal definitions of objects are the same.
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.