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The Norfolk segregationist school board eventually relented and made a decision to admit African American students if they were able to pass an admissions exam and go through entrance interviews. [3] A reported 151 students took and failed the exam and it was not until later that the students discovered that they were being tested on topics ...
For example, in 1960, a group of white women led by Rosa Keller and Gladys Kahn formed a protest assembly called Save Our Schools (SOS) to keep schools open under desegregation. [3] This party grew up to 1500 members, and effectively produced newsletters, gained support of local officials, and advertised in all parts of the media to encourage ...
In the United States, school integration (also known as desegregation) is the process of ending race-based segregation within American public and private schools. Racial segregation in schools existed throughout most of American history and remains an issue in contemporary education.
Board of School Directors, 24 Iowa 266 (1868), was an Iowa Supreme Court case in which the Court held that school districts may not segregate students on the basis of race. In 1867, Susan Clark, a 13-year-old [ 1 ] African American, sued the local school board of Muscatine, Iowa , because she was refused admittance into Grammar School No. 2 ...
Schools in Louisville, Kentucky, are successfully desegregated. September 12 – Four black children enter an elementary school in Clay, Kentucky, under National Guard protection; white students boycott. The school board bars the four again on September 17. October 15 – Integrated athletic or social events are banned in Louisiana.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, enacted five months after the New York City school boycott, included a loophole that allowed school segregation to continue in major northern cities including New York City, Boston, Chicago and Detroit. [4] As of 2018, New York City continues to have the most segregated schools in the country. [9]
Geography played a role: schools were not close enough to walk to and school boards did not always supply buses. And money, too played a role. In 1949-50, Sunflower County spent the same amount on white education (28% of the population) as it did on the black (72%). [ 3 ]
Carl L. Bankston and Stephen J. Caldas, in their books A Troubled Dream: The Promise and Failure of School Desegregation in Louisiana (2002) and Forced to Fail: The Paradox of School Desegregation (2005), argued that continuing racial inequality in the larger American society had undermined efforts to force schools to desegregate. [19]