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In optics, the Kubelka–Munk theory devised by Paul Kubelka [1] [2] and Franz Munk, is a fundamental approach to modelling the appearance of paint films. As published in 1931, [3] the theory addresses "the question of how the color of a substrate is changed by the application of a coat of paint of specified composition and thickness, and especially the thickness of paint needed to obscure the ...
Mixing pigments for the purpose of creating realistic paintings with diverse color gamuts is known to have been practiced at least since Ancient Greece.The identity of a/the set of minimal pigments to mix diverse gamuts has long been the subject of speculation by theorists whose claims have changed over time, for example Pliny's white, black, one or another red, and "sil", which might have ...
There are three types of color mixing models, depending on the relative brightness of the resultant mixture: additive, subtractive, and average. [1] In these models, mixing black and white will yield white, black and gray, respectively. Physical mixing processes, e.g. mixing light beams or oil paints, will follow one or a hybrid of these 3 ...
A tone is produced either by mixing a color with gray, or by both tinting and shading. [1] Mixing a color with any neutral color (including black, gray, and white) reduces the chroma , or colorfulness , while the hue (the relative mixture of red, green, blue, etc., depending on the colorspace) remains unchanged.
The test chart shows the full 256 levels of the red, green, and blue (RGB) primary colors and cyan, magenta, and yellow complementary colors, along with a full 256-level grayscale. Gradients of RGB intermediate colors (orange, lime green, sea green, sky blue, violet, and fuchsia), and a full hue spectrum are also present.
Tertiary color has two common, conflicting definitions, depending on context. In traditional color theory, which applies mostly to practical painting, a tertiary color is an even mixture between two secondary colors, i.e. a mixture of three primaries in 1:2:1 proportion.
The sheen [4] or gloss level of a paint is principally determined by the ratio of resinous, adhesive binder, which solidifies after drying, and solid, powdery pigment.The more binder the coating contains, the more regular reflection will be made from its smooth surface; conversely, with less binder, grains of pigment become exposed to the surface, scattering the light and providing matte ...
Most common cross-linkers are solid epoxy resins in so-called hybrid powders in mixing ratios of 50/50, 60/40 and 70/30 (polyester resin/ epoxy resin) for indoor applications and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) in a ratio of 93/7 and β-hydroxy alkylamide (HAA) hardener in 95/5 ratio for outdoor applications.