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More than 90 percent of dogs with struvite stones have an associated urease-producing bacterial infection in the urinary tract, but in cats struvite stones usually form in sterile urine. [7] The appearance of the stones vary from large solitary stones to multiple smaller stones. They can assume the shape of the bladder or urethra. Struvite crystals
[10] [11] Struvite is the most common mineral found in urinary tract stones in dogs, [13] and is found also in urinary tract stones of cats and humans. Struvite stones are potentiated by bacterial infection that hydrolyzes urea to ammonium and raises urine pH to neutral or alkaline values.
Bladder stones or uroliths are common in dogs. The stones form in the urinary bladder in varying size and numbers secondary to infection, dietary influences, and genetics. Types of stones include struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate, and silicate. Struvite and calcium oxalate stones are by far the most common. [6]
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Struvite stones are composed of a combination of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbonate-apatite. Struvite stone formation can be sustained only when ammonia production is increased and the urine pH is elevated to decrease the solubility of phosphate.
High urinary pH is associated with developing struvite crystals, dysuria, hematuria and obstructing the urinary tract of dogs. Breakdown of amino acids has an effect on the acidity of the urine. Plant based diets typically contain fewer of the acidifying amino acids than meat based ones. [9]