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Treatment is typically with a catheter either through the urethra or lower abdomen. [1] [3] Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a urethral stent, or surgery. [1] Males are more often affected than females. [1] In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected a year. [1]
A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra, the tube connected to the bladder that allows urination. The narrowing reduces the flow of urine and makes it more difficult or even painful to empty the bladder. [1] Urethral stricture is caused by injury, instrumentation, infection, and certain non-infectious forms of urethritis. The ...
For instance, Radiotherapy of cervical cancer can cause ureteric stricture in 2.2% of patients at 10 years. [3] Radiotherapy had been identified as a modality of treatment of several cancers in the pelvis and the abdomen which may lead to ureteric stricture formation among other urological adverse effects too such as radiation induced cystitis.
Other structural abnormalities could be caused by injury, surgery, or radiation therapy. [citation needed] The most common causes of hydronephrosis in children are anatomical abnormalities. These include vesicoureteral reflux, urethral stricture, and stenosis. The most common cause of hydronephrosis in young adults is kidney stones.
It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture). [3] Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis). [4]
Common side effects of testosterone include acne, swelling, and breast enlargement in men. [9] Serious side effects may include liver toxicity, heart disease, and behavioral changes. [9] Women and children who are exposed may develop masculinization. [9] It is recommended that individuals with prostate cancer should not use the medication. [9]
Surgical treatment of LUTS can include: Ablation procedures – used in treating both bladder tumours [22] and bladder outlet obstruction, such as prostate conditions. [23] Bladder-neck incision (BNI) Removal of the prostate – open, robotic, and endoscopic techniques are used. Stenting of the prostate [24] and urethra.
The fact the conversion happens in the blood complicates the accurate measurement of blood levels of testosterone induced by the drug, as the conversion continues to occur while blood samples are being prepared for assay. Ideally, enzyme inhibitors should be used to properly assay the blood testosterone levels induced by testosterone undecanoate.
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