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A light ray is a line (straight or curved) that is perpendicular to the light's wavefronts; its tangent is collinear with the wave vector. Light rays in homogeneous media are straight. They bend at the interface between two dissimilar media and may be curved in a medium in which the refractive index changes.
Ray tracing of a beam of light passing through a medium with changing refractive index.The ray is advanced by a small amount, and then the direction is re-calculated. Ray tracing works by assuming that the particle or wave can be modeled as a large number of very narrow beams (), and that there exists some distance, possibly very small, over which such a ray is locally straight.
Sources in front of the speakers can be rendered by concave wavefronts that focus in the virtual source inside playback area and diverge again as convex wave. Hence the reproduction inside the volume is incomplete - it breaks down if the listener is situated between the speakers and the virtual source.
In other words, the wave vector points in the normal direction to the surfaces of constant phase, also called wavefronts. In a lossless isotropic medium such as air, any gas, any liquid, amorphous solids (such as glass), and cubic crystals, the direction of the wavevector is the same as the direction of wave propagation. If the medium is ...
For a sinusoidal spherical wave, the wavefronts are spherical surfaces that expand with it. If the speed of propagation is different at different points of a wavefront, the shape and/or orientation of the wavefronts may change by refraction. In particular, lenses can change the shape of optical wavefronts from planar to spherical, or vice versa.
Optical holography [1] is a technique which enables an optical wavefront to be recorded and later re-constructed. Holography is best known as a method of generating three-dimensional images but it also has a wide range of other applications.
The moving red lines show the wavefronts of the radio waves emitted by each element. The individual wavefronts are spherical, but they combine in front of the antenna to create a plane wave, a beam of radio waves travelling in a specific direction θ. The phase shifters delay the radio waves progressively going up the line so each antenna emits ...
In Euclidean space, the wave front set of a distribution ƒ is defined as = {(,) ()}where () is the singular fibre of ƒ at x.The singular fibre is defined to be the complement of all directions such that the Fourier transform of f, localized at x, is sufficiently regular when restricted to an open cone containing .