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  2. Intervertebral disc damage and spaceflight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disc_damage...

    Core and back muscle weakness [2] [3] including space-induced atrophy of back muscles; increased strain of proximal facet joint capsules [4] fractured innervated vertebral end plates [5] [6] disc degeneration [7] herniation of anulus fibrosus [8]

  3. Effect of spaceflight on the human body - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on...

    American astronaut Marsha Ivins demonstrates the effects of microgravity on her hair in space. The effects of spaceflight on the human body are complex and largely harmful over both short and long term. [1] Significant adverse effects of long-term weightlessness include muscle atrophy and deterioration of the skeleton (spaceflight osteopenia). [2]

  4. Physiological effects in space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

    Ground-based studies have shown that it does produce a positive training effect similar to equivalent free weights when used in a high-intensity program, [22] but it will likely not provide sufficient load in a zero-gravity environment to prevent loss of muscle and bone tissue, as determined from parabolic flight studies. [23]) Other problems ...

  5. Muscle energy technique - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_energy_technique

    Muscle energy is a direct and active technique, meaning it engages a restrictive barrier and requires the patient's participation for maximal effect. A restrictive barrier describes the limit in range of motion that prevents the patient from reaching the baseline limit in their range of motion. [5]

  6. Reciprocal inhibition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_inhibition

    The incompleteness of the effect is related to postural and functional tone. Also, some reflexes in vivo are polysynaptic, with entire muscle groups responding to noxious stimuli. As the body ages, the control of voluntary inhibition decreases in conjunction with the torque of the synapse as joints stiffen and their motor output is reduced.

  7. Human musculoskeletal system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system

    The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle. On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system above, superficial muscles (those at the surface) are shown on the right side of the body while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are shown on the left ...

  8. Neurobiological effects of physical exercise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of...

    Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...

  9. Exercise physiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology

    The effect of training on the body has been defined as the reaction to the adaptive responses of the body arising from exercise [3] or as "an elevation of metabolism produced by exercise". [ 4 ] Exercise physiologists study the effect of exercise on pathology , and the mechanisms by which exercise can reduce or reverse disease progression.