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A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw [1] or translation screw, [2] is a screw used as a linkage in a machine, to translate turning motion into linear motion. Because of the large area of sliding contact between their male and female members, screw threads have larger frictional energy losses compared to other linkages.
Lead is the axial advance of a helix or screw during one complete turn (360°) [1] The lead for a screw thread is the axial travel for a single revolution. [2] Pitch is defined as the axial distance between adjacent threads on a helix or screw. In most screws, called "single start" screws, which have a single helical thread along their length ...
Lead (/ ˈ l iː d /) and pitch are closely related concepts. They can be confused because they are the same for most screws. Lead is the distance along the screw's axis that is covered by one complete rotation of the screw thread (360°). Pitch is the distance from the crest of one thread to the next one at the same point.
Example (inch, coarse): For size 7 ⁄ 16 (this is the diameter of the intended screw in fraction form)-14 (this is the number of threads per inch; 14 is considered coarse), 0.437 in × 0.85 = 0.371 in. Therefore, a size 7 ⁄ 16 screw (7 ⁄ 16 ≈ 0.437) with 14 threads per inch (coarse) needs a tap drill with a diameter of about 0.371 inches.
This shape is easier to machine (faster cutting, longer tool life) than a square thread. The tooth shape also has a wider base which means it is stronger (thus, the screw can carry a greater load) than a similarly sized square thread. This thread form also allows for the use of a split nut, which can compensate for nut wear. [8]
The square thread form is a common screw thread profile, used in high load applications such as leadscrews and jackscrews. It gets its name from the square cross-section of the thread. [1] It is the lowest friction and most efficient thread form, but it is difficult to fabricate.