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Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO 4) is a crystalline material formed by adding neodymium ions to yttrium orthovanadate. It is commonly used as an active laser medium for diode-pumped solid-state lasers. It comes as a transparent blue-tinted material. It is birefringent, therefore rods made of it are usually rectangular.
Yttrium orthovanadate (YVO 4) is a transparent crystal. Undoped YVO 4 is also used to make efficient high-power polarizing prisms similar to Glan–Taylor prisms. [1] There are two principal applications for doped yttrium orthovanadate: Doped with neodymium it forms Nd:YVO 4, an active laser medium used in diode-pumped solid-state lasers. [2]
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Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) is a lasing medium for arc lamp-pumped and diode-pumped solid-state lasers. The YLF crystal (LiYF 4 ) is naturally birefringent , and commonly used laser transitions occur at 1047 nm and 1053 nm.
Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet; Nd:Y 3 Al 5 O 12) is a crystal that is used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers. The dopant , neodymium in the +3 oxidation state, Nd(III), typically replaces a small fraction (1%) of the yttrium ions in the host crystal structure of the yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), since the two ions are ...
One of the most common classifications divides REE into 3 groups: light rare earths (LREE - from 57 La to 60 Nd), intermediate (MREE - from 62 Sm to 67 Ho) and heavy (HREE - from 68 Er to 71 Lu). REE usually appear as trivalent ions, except for Ce and Eu which can take the form of Ce 4+ and Eu 2+ depending on the redox conditions of the system ...
Business rules represent the primary means by which an organization can direct its business, defining the operative way to reach its objectives and perform its actions.. A rule-based approach to managing business and the information used by that business is a way of identifying and articulating the rules which define the structure and control the operation of an enterprise [1] it represents a ...
Conventional rules used in finance are: Following business day: the payment date is rolled to the next business day. Modified following business day: the payment date is rolled to the next business day unless doing so would cause the payment to be in the next calendar month, in which case the payment date is rolled to the previous business day.