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Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO 4) is a crystalline material formed by adding neodymium ions to yttrium orthovanadate. It is commonly used as an active laser medium for diode-pumped solid-state lasers. It comes as a transparent blue-tinted material. It is birefringent, therefore rods made of it are usually rectangular.
Yttrium orthovanadate (YVO 4) is a transparent crystal. Undoped YVO 4 is also used to make efficient high-power polarizing prisms similar to Glan–Taylor prisms. [1] There are two principal applications for doped yttrium orthovanadate: Doped with neodymium it forms Nd:YVO 4, an active laser medium used in diode-pumped solid-state lasers. [2]
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Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) is a lasing medium for arc lamp-pumped and diode-pumped solid-state lasers. The YLF crystal (LiYF 4 ) is naturally birefringent , and commonly used laser transitions occur at 1047 nm and 1053 nm.
Nd-doped YCOB (Nd:YCa 4 O(BO 3) 3) is a nonlinear optical crystal, which is commonly used as an active laser medium. It can be grown from a melt by the Czochralski technique . It belongs to the monoclinic system with space group C s 2 -Cm.
Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet; Nd:Y 3 Al 5 O 12) is a crystal that is used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers. The dopant , neodymium in the +3 oxidation state, Nd(III), typically replaces a small fraction (1%) of the yttrium ions in the host crystal structure of the yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), since the two ions are ...
In all, 35 radioisotopes of neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes 144 Nd (alpha decay, a half-life (t 1/2) of 2.29 × 10 15 years) and 150 Nd (double beta decay, t 1/2 of 9.3 × 10 18 years), and for practical purposes they can be considered to be stable as well.
A mandatory offer rule is distinct from tag-along rights, which give minority shareholders the right to join in any sale by the majority shareholder: the former is an obligation imposed on the acquirer by laws and regulations, while the latter may be provided voluntarily by the majority shareholder of the target to minority shareholders through ...