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dBc (decibels relative to the carrier) is the power ratio of a signal to a carrier signal, expressed in decibels.For example, phase noise is expressed in dBc/Hz at a given frequency offset from the carrier. dBc can also be used as a measurement of Spurious-Free Dynamic Range between the desired signal and unwanted spurious outputs resulting from the use of signal converters such as a digital ...
The decibel originates from methods used to quantify signal loss in telegraph and telephone circuits. Until the mid-1920s, the unit for loss was miles of standard cable (MSC). 1 MSC corresponded to the loss of power over one mile (approximately 1.6 km) of standard telephone cable at a frequency of 5000 radians per second (795.8 Hz), and matched closely the smallest attenuation detectable to a ...
A potential for ambiguity exists when assigning a level on the dBFS scale to a waveform rather than to a specific amplitude, because some engineers follow the mathematical definition of RMS, which for sinusoidal signals is 3 dB below the peak value, while others choose the reference level so that RMS and peak measurements of a sine wave produce ...
where is the signal mean or expected value and is the standard deviation of the noise, or an estimate thereof. [ note 2 ] Notice that such an alternative definition is only useful for variables that are always non-negative (such as photon counts and luminance ), and it is only an approximation since E [ X 2 ] = σ 2 + μ 2 {\displaystyle ...
In the measurement of loudness, for example, an A-weighting filter is commonly used to emphasize frequencies around 3–6 kHz where the human ear is most sensitive, while attenuating very high and very low frequencies to which the ear is insensitive.
CAD: computer-aided design, computer-aided drafting; cadmium [plating]: CAGE: Commercial and Government Entity [code]: A CAGE code is a unique identifier to label an entity (that is, a specific government agency or corporation at a specific site) that is a CDA, ODA, or MFR of the part defined by the drawing.
However, DbC considers these contracts to be so crucial to software correctness that they should be part of the design process. In effect, DbC advocates writing the assertions first. [citation needed] Contracts can be written by code comments, enforced by a test suite, or both, even if there is no special language support for contracts.
For compliance purposes, readings with an ANSI Type 2 sound level meter and dosimeter are considered to have an accuracy of ±2 dBA, while a Type 1 instrument has an accuracy of ±1 dBA. A Type 2 meter is the minimum requirement by OSHA for noise measurements and is usually sufficient for general-purpose noise surveys.