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Boltzmann-like equations are also used for the movement of cells. [24] [25] Since cells are composite particles that carry internal degrees of freedom, the corresponding generalized Boltzmann equations must have inelastic collision integrals. Such equations can describe invasions of cancer cells in tissue, morphogenesis, and chemotaxis-related ...
Thulium(III) oxide (Tm₂O₃) is a pale green, thermally stable powder with a high melting point of 2,341 °C and a density of 8.6 g/cm³, typically forming a cubic crystal structure. [4] It is resistant to oxidation and dissolves in strong acids like hydrochloric acid , allowing it to form soluble thulium salts. [ 5 ]
Thulium reacts with various metallic and non-metallic elements forming a range of binary compounds, including TmN, TmS, TmC 2, Tm 2 C 3, TmH 2, TmH 3, TmSi 2, TmGe 3, TmB 4, TmB 6 and TmB 12. [citation needed] Like most lanthanides, the +3 state is most common and is the only state observed in thulium solutions. [14] Thulium exists as a Tm 3 ...
In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only.
In particle physics, rigidity is a measure of the resistance of a particle to deflection by magnetic fields, defined as the particle's momentum divided by its charge. For a fully ionised nucleus moving at relativistic speed, this is equivalent to the energy per atomic number.
Some of these formulas are expressed in terms of the Cartesian expansion of the spherical harmonics into polynomials in x, y, z, and r. For purposes of this table, it is useful to express the usual spherical to Cartesian transformations that relate these Cartesian components to θ {\displaystyle \theta } and φ {\displaystyle \varphi } as
Stefan surmised that 1/3 of the energy flux from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so he took for the correct Sun's energy flux a value 3/2 times greater than Soret's value, namely 29 × 3/2 = 43.5. Precise measurements of atmospheric absorption were not made until 1888 and 1904. The temperature Stefan obtained was a median value ...
The TEM 0i* mode, the so-called doughnut mode, is a special case consisting of a superposition of two TEM 0i modes (i = 1, 2, 3), rotated 360°/4i with respect to one another. The overall size of the mode is determined by the Gaussian beam radius w , and this may increase or decrease with the propagation of the beam, however the modes preserve ...