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The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection. [1] HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus , Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus ...
It is one of the HACEK organisms. [2] H. parainfluenzae is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with endocarditis, bronchitis, otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, abscesses and genital tract infections.
HACEK group of bacteria are also rare causes of infective endocarditis in North America. [24] The viridans group includes S. oralis, S. mitis, S. sanguis, S. gordonii and S. parasanguis. The primary habitats for these organisms are the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. [25]
It is one of the HACEK group of infections which are a cause of culture-negative endocarditis. In general, the HACEK organisms are responsible for approximately 3% of all cases of infective endocarditis (IE). IE due to E. corrodens is usually a result of poor oral hygiene and or periodontal infection.
Cardiobacterium hominis was originally discovered in 1962 based on analysis of four cases of Infective endocarditis over ten months. [5] Upon its first isolation, researchers described Cardiobacterium hominis, which was unrecognized then, as a Pasteurella-like organism and categorized as group "II-D" by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Kingella kingae is a species of Gram-negative facultative anaerobic β-hemolytic coccobacilli. First isolated in 1960 by Elizabeth O. King, it was not recognized as a significant cause of infection in young children until the 1990s, when culture techniques had improved enough for it to be recognized.
Finally, a group of organisms that are less commonly associated with endocarditis are the HACEK organisms. These guys are a group of gram-negative bacteria that are also part of the normal flora of the mouth and throat. Each letter of HACEK stands for a different genus—Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella.
A. actinomycetemcomitans occurs in the human oral microflora, [3] and together with anaerobic or capnophilic organisms (HACEK group organisms) may cause endocarditis. Actinobacilli are susceptible to most antibiotics of the beta-lactam family, aminoglycosides , tetracyclines , chloramphenicol , and many other antibacterial chemotherapeutics .