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The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection. [1] HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus , Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus ...
Less commonly reported bacteria responsible for so called "culture negative endocarditis" include Bartonella, Chlamydia psittaci, and Coxiella. [30] Such bacteria can be identified by serology, culture of the excised valve tissue, sputum, pleural fluid, and emboli, and by polymerase chain reaction or sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA.
One notable exception is in cases of endocarditis (heart valve infection), which can be more refractory to treatment. K. kingae is the fifth member of the HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that cause endocarditis. Routine laboratory tests may be normal because the organism is difficult to culture.
It is one of the HACEK group of infections which are a cause of culture-negative endocarditis. In general, the HACEK organisms are responsible for approximately 3% of all cases of infective endocarditis (IE). IE due to E. corrodens is usually a result of poor oral hygiene and or periodontal infection.
Fastidious Gram-negative bacteria such as Cardiobacterium hominis along with Eikenella corrodens and Kingella kingae mainly inhabiting in the oral and upper respiratory tract in humans are responsible for 1–3% of infective endocarditis. [18] Treatment of the disease involves third-generation cephalosporin with more than 80-90% success rate. [18]
Cardiobacterium species are Gram-negative, pleomorphic rod-shaped bacteria that are catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. When compared morphologically, the two Cardiobacterium species are indistinguishable in culture and Gram stain, however the two differ in growth patterns: C. valvarum is more fastidious than C. hominis, and is non-hemolytic.
Kingella is a genus of bacteria of the family Neisseriaceae. [1] It belongs to the HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that tend to cause endocarditis. [2] Kingella kingae is its type species. [1]
The bacteria most commonly involved are streptococci or staphylococci. [3] The diagnosis of infective endocarditis relies on the Duke criteria, which were originally described in 1994 and modified in 2000. Clinical features and microbiological examinations are the first steps to diagnose an infective endocarditis. The imaging is also crucial.