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Modafinil analogues acting as DRIs include both drugs similar to modafinil that affect dopamine without causing stimulant effects (atypical modafinil-like non-psychostimulant DRIs) such as flmodafinil and JJC8-016 and drugs that affect dopamine in a way similar to cocaine (classical or typical cocaine-like DRIs) such as JJC8-088.
A Cephalon-founded study in which patients were administered modafinil, methylphenidate, and a placebo found that modafinil produces "psychoactive and euphoric effects and feelings consistent with [methylphenidate]." [12] Like modafinil, armodafinil is an inhibitor and/or inducer of certain cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and eugeroic (wakefulness promoter) medication used primarily to treat narcolepsy, [3] [8] [15] a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks. [16]
Provigil is a combination of R and S isomers of modafinil. Nuvigil uses only the R isomer, with the hope that it will have longer lasting effects in the body. However, Cephalon states that it has no comparative test data on Nuvigil and Provigil, either on efficacy or patient tolerance. Both substances carry a risk of dependency and producing mania.
Modafinil and armodafinil are thought to act as selective, weak, atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs). [13] [3] [4] However, additional actions are also possible and have not been ruled out. [13] Adrafinil acts as a prodrug of modafinil and hence shares its mechanism of action. [13]
Provigil - used to treat excessive sleepiness and narcolepsy Prozac ( fluoxetine ) – an antidepressant of the SSRI class Luminal ( phenobarbital ) – a barbiturate with sedative and hypnotic properties
Modafinil is sold under the brand name Provigil among others. Modafinil is used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness due to narcolepsy , shift work sleep disorder , or obstructive sleep apnea . While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer, the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive. [ 167 ]
Modafinil appeared to be more potent than adrafinil in animal studies, and was selected for further clinical development, with both adrafinil and modafinil eventually reaching the market. [18] Modafinil was first approved in France in 1994, and then in the United States in 1998. [19] Lafon was acquired by Cephalon in 2001. [20]