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  2. Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_radioactivity_in...

    The US EPA sets radioactivity standards for drinking water. [6] Federal and state regulators do not require sewage treatment plants that accept gas well wastewater to test for radioactivity. In Pennsylvania, where the hydraulic fracturing drilling boom began in 2008, most drinking-water intake plants downstream from those sewage treatment ...

  3. Radioactive contamination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination

    Radioactive contamination, also called radiological pollution, is the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable (from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) definition).

  4. Radithor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radithor

    It consisted of triple-distilled water containing at a minimum 1 microcurie (37 kBq) each of the radium-226 and 228 isotopes. The time of Radithor and radioactive elixirs ended in 1932, with the premature death of one of its most fervent users, Eben Byers, an American golfer. This history led to the strengthening of regulatory control of ...

  5. Irradiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiation

    Most frequently the term refers to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation. The term irradiation usually excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as infrared , visible light , microwaves from cellular phones or ...

  6. Radium and radon in the environment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the...

    Residues from the oil and gas industry often contain radium and its daughters. The sulfate scale from an oil well can be very radium rich. The water inside an oil field is often very rich in strontium, barium and radium, while seawater is very rich in sulfate: so if water from an oil well is discharged into the sea or mixed with seawater, the radium is likely to be brought out of solution by ...

  7. Electromagnetic absorption by water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption...

    Liquid water and ice emit radiation at a higher rate than water vapour (see graph above). Water at the top of the troposphere, particularly in liquid and solid states, cools as it emits net photons to space. Neighboring gas molecules other than water (e.g. nitrogen) are cooled by passing their heat kinetically to the water.

  8. Tritiated water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritiated_water

    Water portal; Tritiated water is a radioactive form of water in which the usual protium atoms are replaced with tritium atoms. In its pure form it may be called tritium oxide (T 2 O or 3 H 2 O) or super-heavy water. Pure T 2 O is a colorless liquid, [1] and it is corrosive due to self-radiolysis. Diluted, tritiated water is mainly H 2 O plus ...

  9. Radiation chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_chemistry

    Radiation chemistry is a subdivision of nuclear chemistry which studies the chemical effects of ionizing radiation on matter. This is quite different from radiochemistry, as no radioactivity needs to be present in the material which is being chemically changed by the radiation. An example is the conversion of water into hydrogen gas and ...