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Pain & Palliative oncology: focuses on treatment of end stage cancer to help alleviate pain and suffering. [26] Molecular oncology: focuses on molecular diagnostic methods in oncology. [27] Nuclear medicine oncology: focuses on diagnosis and treatment of cancer with radiopharmaceuticals.
A bone scan or bone scintigraphy / s ɪ n ˈ t ɪ ɡ r ə f i / is a nuclear medicine imaging technique used to help diagnose and assess different bone diseases. These include cancer of the bone or metastasis, location of bone inflammation and fractures (that may not be visible in traditional X-ray images), and bone infection (osteomyelitis).
Tumor markers alone can't be used for diagnostic purposes, due to lack of sensitivity and specificity. [5] The only approved diagnostic method for cancer is with a biopsy. Detects reoccurring cancers; Tumor markers can detect reoccurring cancers in patients post-treatment. [4]
For example, the ColoGuard test may be used to screen people over 55 years old for colorectal cancer. [57] Cancer is a longtime-scale disease with various progression steps, molecular diagnostics tools can be used for prognosis of cancer progression. For example, the OncoType Dx test by Genomic Health can estimate risk of breast cancer.
Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps, plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones that were precursors to the tumors.
An illustration depicting primary tumor (in the form of tumor microenvironment) and the circulating tumor cells. A circulating tumor cell (CTC) is a cancer cell from a primary tumor that has shed into the blood of the circulatory system, or the lymph of the lymphatic system. [1]
Diagram showing the cells where AML develops. The malignant cell in AML is the myeloblast . In normal development of blood cells ( hematopoiesis ), the myeloblast is an immature precursor of myeloid white blood cells; a normal myeloblast will mature into a white blood cell such as an eosinophil , basophil , neutrophil or monocyte .
G (1–4): the grade of the cancer cells (i.e. they are "low grade" if they appear similar to normal cells, and "high grade" if they appear poorly differentiated) S (0–3): elevation of serum tumor markers; R (0–2): the completeness of the operation (resection-boundaries free of cancer cells or not) Pn (0–1): invasion into adjunct nerves