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Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: 秦始皇, pronunciation ⓘ; February 259 [e] – 12 July 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of China. [9] Rather than maintain the title of "king" (wáng 王) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he assumed the invented title of "emperor" (huángdì 皇帝), which would see continuous use by monarchs in China for the next two ...
Temple of Huangdi in Xinzheng, Zhengzhou, Henan. Until 221 BC, when Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty coined the title huangdi (皇帝) – conventionally "emperor" - the character di 帝 did not refer to earthly rulers but to Shangdi, the highest god of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) pantheon. [12]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 8 February 2025. First imperial dynasty in China (221–206 BC) This article is about the first imperial Chinese dynasty. Not to be confused with the Qing dynasty, the final such dynasty. "Qin Empire" redirects here. For other uses, see Qin Empire (disambiguation). Qin 秦 221–206 BC Heirloom Seal of ...
He called himself "Shi Huangdi", or the 'First Emperor'. Before this, Huang ( 皇 'august', 'sovereign' [ b ] ) was most commonly seen as a reverential epithet for a deceased ancestor, and Di ( 帝 , OC : * tˤeks ) was an apical ancestor, originally referring to the deified ancestors of the Shang kings.
Zhuangxiang died in 247 BCE after reigning for three years and was succeeded by Ying Zheng. Ying Zheng unified China and founded the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE, becoming historically known as "Qin Shi Huang" (First Emperor of Qin). He was posthumously declared as Taishang Huangdi by Ying Zheng. [4]
The official Twenty-Four Histories record numerous Chinese emperors, nobles, and officials who died from taking elixirs to prolong their lifespans. The first emperor to die from elixir poisoning was likely Qin Shi Huang (d. 210 BCE) and the last was the Yongzheng Emperor (d. 1735 CE).
Qin Shi Huang died of natural causes in 210 BCE. [5] In 209 BCE, the conscription officers Chen Sheng and Wu Guang , leading 900 conscripts through the rain, failed to meet an arrival deadline; the Twenty-Four Histories claim that the Qin punishment for this delay would have been execution. [ 6 ]
The burning of books and burying of scholars was the purported burning of texts in 213 BCE and live burial of 460 Confucian scholars in 212 BCE ordered by Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang.