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The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing. The trachea begins to form in the second month of embryo development, becoming longer and more fixed in its position over time. Its epithelium is lined with column-shaped cells that have hair-like extensions called cilia, with scattered goblet cells that produce protective mucins.
One reason aspiration can occur is because of failure of the epiglottis to close completely. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] If food or liquid enters the airway due to the epiglottis failing to close properly, throat-clearing or a cough reflex may occur to protect the respiratory system and expel material from the airway.
Swallowing comes so easily to most people that the process rarely prompts much thought. However, from the viewpoints of physiology, of speech–language pathology, and of health care for people with difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), it is an interesting topic with extensive scientific literature.
Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx. Waldeyer's ring circumscribes the naso- and oropharynx, with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate (and to the back of the oral cavity).
GERD can cause inflammation of the lower esophagus caused by chronic acid reflux, making it hard to swallow. Related: The 7-Day GERD Diet Plan Registered Dietitians Swear By
Trismus is defined as painful restriction in opening the mouth due to a muscle spasm, [5] however it can also refer to limited mouth opening of any cause. [6] Another definition of trismus is simply a limitation of movement. [4] Historically and commonly, the term lockjaw was sometimes used as a synonym for both trismus [2] and tetanus. [7]
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