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In sociolinguistics, language planning (also known as language engineering) is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure or acquisition of languages or language varieties within a speech community. [1] Robert L. Cooper (1989) defines language planning as "the activity of preparing a normative orthography, grammar, and dictionary ...
Linguistic determinism. Linguistic determinism is the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception. The term implies that people's native languages will affect their thought process and therefore people will have different ...
Hockett distinguished language from communication. While almost all animals communicate in some way, a communication system is only considered language if it possesses all of the above characteristics. Some animal communication systems are impressively sophisticated in the sense that they possess a significant number of the design features as ...
Language and thought. The study of how language influences thought, and vice-versa, has a long history in a variety of fields. There are two bodies of thought forming around this debate. One body of thought stems from linguistics and is known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. There is a strong and a weak version of the hypothesis which argue for ...
Roman Jakobson defined six functions of language (or communication functions), according to which an effective act of verbal communication can be described. [2] Each of the functions has an associated factor. For this work, Jakobson was influenced by Karl Bühler 's organon model, to which he added the poetic, phatic and metalingual functions.
Crosslinguistic influence. Crosslinguistic influence (CLI) refers to the different ways in which one language can affect another within an individual speaker. It typically involves two languages that can affect one another in a bilingual speaker. [1] An example of CLI is the influence of Korean on a Korean native speaker who is learning ...
Yashima called this desire by Japanese to learn English to communicate with the world around them international posture: a general attitude towards the international community that "influences motivation [in learning a second language], which, in turn, predicts proficiency and second language communication confidence" (Yashima, 2002, p. 63).
Communication strategies are strategies that learners use to overcome these problems in order to convey their intended meaning. [1] Strategies used may include paraphrasing, substitution, coining new words, switching to the first language, and asking for clarification. [2][3] These strategies, with the exception of switching languages, are also ...