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Animal testing, science, medicine, animal welfare, animal rights, ethics. Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
Comparative medicine. Comparative medicine is a distinct discipline of experimental medicine that uses animal models of human and animal disease in translational and biomedical research. [1]: 2 [2] In other words, it relates and leverages biological similarities and differences among species to better understand the mechanism of human and ...
The Three Rs (3Rs) are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in product testing and scientific research. They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. [1] The 3Rs are: Replacement: methods which avoid the use of animals in research. Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to minimise the number of ...
The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on nonhuman animals. [1] Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "Father ...
ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering alternatives to animal experimentation and related issues of bioethics, seeking to promote the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use in research (the "3Rs"). [1] [2] It was originally published in German and established in 1984 ...
The Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) has worked with scientists, since 1981, to find new methods to replace the use of laboratory animals in experiments, reduce the number of animals tested, and refine necessary tests to eliminate pain and distress (the Three Rs as described in Russell and Burch's Principles of Humane Experimental Technique). [1]
Animal welfare. v. t. e. Americans for Medical Progress (AMP) is a nonprofit advocacy group that supports the use of animal testing in biomedical research. Although in favor of moderate animal welfare measures, the AMP aligns against animal rights groups such as PETA and the similarly named Americans For Medical Advancement. AMP issues the Albert.
v. t. e. Frankie Trull is an American science advocate and lobbyist. She is founder and president of the Foundation for Biomedical Research, a non-profit organization that educates the public about animal research in the quest for medical advancements, treatments and cures for both humans and animals. Trull is also president of the National ...