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Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression.
To enable dynamic access to packaged DNA and to tailor nucleosome composition in chromosomal regions, cells have evolved a set of specialized chromatin remodeling complexes (remodelers). Remodelers use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move, destabilize, eject, or restructure nucleosomes.
In eukaryotes, DNA is tightly wound into a complex called chromatin. Thanks to the process of chromatin remodeling, this complex can be "opened" so that specific genes are expressed.
Chromatin dynamics involve the action of specialized ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complexes (herein termed remodellers). Remodellers include enzymes that ensure the proper density and...
To date, four distinct families of chromatin remodeling complexes, namely - SWI/SNF (switch/sucrose-non-fermenting), ISWI (imitation switch), CHD (chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding) and INO80 (inositol requiring 80), have been reported in the scientific literature [5].
Chromatin remodeling complexes (CRCs) in contrast utilize the energy of ATP to disrupt nucleosome DNA contacts, move nucleosomes along DNA, and remove or exchange nucleosomes.
The chromatin remodeling complex regulates gene transcription and expression by changing the nucleosome composition, packaging, and positioning . At present, several studies have reported that the SWR1 chromatin remodeling complex plays an important role in regulating gene expression by incorporating the histone variant H2A.Z into nucleosomes.
In this study, we found that chromatin remodeling complexes affect the 3D chromatin structure by regulating nucleosomes (Figure 6F): (1) BRM, INO80, and PKL mainly regulate nucleosome density; (2) CHRS mainly regulates the nucleosome distribution pattern.
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, also called chromatin remodelers, are large (>1 MDa) multi-subunit complexes that are highly conserved across the eukaryotic kingdom. They are characterized by the presence of a highly conserved ATPase subunit which belongs to the superfamily II helicase-related proteins.
SWI/SNF is a subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes that associate to remodel the way DNA is parceled. This complex possesses a DNA-stimulated ATPase activity that can destabilize histone-DNA interactions in nucleosomes in an ATP-dependent manner.