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David Parkin compared the epistemological stance of science to that of divination.He suggested that, to the degree that divination is an epistemologically specific means of gaining insight into a given question, science itself can be considered a form of divination that is framed from a Western view of the nature (and thus possible applications) of knowledge.
[205] [206] Wakefield has had two papers retracted and one corrected. [207] Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories fabricated research data to the extent that upon FDA analysis of 867 studies, 618 (71%) were deemed invalid, including many of which were used to gain regulatory approval for widely used household and industrial products. [208] [209]
Examples they gave included the use of non-peer reviewed sources from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the World Wildlife Fund, and student dissertations. [45] IPCC rules permit the use of non-peer-reviewed material, subject to critical assessment and review of the quality and validity of each source. [ 26 ]
The study of crop circles has become known as "cerealogy". [528] Cryptozoology – search for creatures that are considered not to exist by most biologists. [529] Well-known examples of creatures of interest to cryptozoologists include Bigfoot, the Yeren, the Yeti, and the Loch Ness Monster.
Two series of rankings were offered: The R-rankings were based on regression analysis. According to the NRC, this analysis was "based on an indirect approach to determining what faculty value in a program" and was done by first asking a sample faculty group to rate a number of programs in their area, and then using a statistical analysis "to ...
Even if a study meets the benchmark requirements for and , and is free of bias, there is still a 36% probability that a paper reporting a positive result will be incorrect; if the base probability of a true result is lower, then this will push the PPV lower too. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that the average statistical power of a study ...
The same day, Lindsay and Boghossian revealed it to be a hoax aimed at discrediting gender studies, although Cogent Social Sciences is not exclusively a gender-studies journal. [ 7 ] [ better source needed ] While the journal did conduct a postmortem, both authors concluded the "impact [of the hoax] was very limited, and much criticism of it ...
The study was terminated when the guards became even more abusive than anticipated. [29] While Philip Zimbardo concluded that the study shows evidence of the effect of the situation transcending personality traits, more recent studies show that these students were drawn to participate in a study of "prison life" because of their personality ...