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A compound semiconductor is a semiconductor compound composed of chemical elements of at least two different species. These semiconductors form for example in periodic table groups 13–15 (old groups III–V), for example of elements from the Boron group (old group III, boron, aluminium, gallium, indium) and from group 15 (old group V, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth).
Indium is a technology-critical element used primarily in the production of flat-panel displays as indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent and conductive coating applied to glass. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Indium is also used in the semiconductor industry , [ 18 ] in low-melting-point metal alloys such as solders and soft-metal high-vacuum seals.
The boules may be either semiconductor (e.g. electronic chip wafers, photovoltaic cells) or non-conducting inorganic compounds for industrial and jewelry use (e.g., synthetic ruby, sapphire). Single crystal ingots of metal are produced in similar fashion to that used to produce high purity semiconductor ingots, [ 3 ] i.e. by vacuum induction ...
A 1 cm 3 specimen of a metal or semiconductor has the order of 10 22 atoms. [29] In a metal, every atom donates at least one free electron for conduction, thus 1 cm 3 of metal contains on the order of 10 22 free electrons, [ 30 ] whereas a 1 cm 3 sample of pure germanium at 20 °C contains about 4.2 × 10 22 atoms, but only 2.5 × 10 13 free ...
The rare-earth elements (REE), also called the rare-earth metals or rare earths, and sometimes the lanthanides or lanthanoids (although scandium and yttrium, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), [1] are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals.
It is also used in semiconductors, as a dopant in semiconductor substrates. The melting point of gallium, 29.7646 °C (85.5763 °F; 302.9146 K), [ 14 ] is used as a temperature reference point. Gallium alloys are used in thermometers as a non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternative to mercury , and can withstand higher temperatures than ...
More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters, which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide) into nontoxic substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor). Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry ...
Its thermal conductivity (2,200 W/m•K) is five times greater than the most conductive metal (Ag at 429); 300 times higher than the least conductive metal (Pu at 6.74); and nearly 4,000 times that of water (0.58) and 100,000 times that of air (0.0224). This high thermal conductivity is used by jewelers and gemologists to separate diamonds from ...