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A number of ground-level power supply systems were developed from the 1970s through the 1990s, [8] but were not reliable or safe enough for commercial use. [9] The first ground-level power supply system developed to modern safety standards was the Ansaldo Stream, [7] although a competing system, Alstom APS, was the first to be commercially ...
The first ground-level power supply system developed to modern safety standards was the Ansaldo Stream, although Alstom APS was the first to be commercially implemented in 2003. [13] This success led to a proliferation of commercial implementations of ground-level power supply systems. [14]
Modern systems, called ground-level power supply, use a segmented rail flush with the surface of the road instead of a conduit, and the rail segments are only powered when an appropriate vehicle is over them. Alstom APS was the first modern commercial ground-level power supply system, first installed commercially in Bordeaux.
Ground-level power supply is an alternative to overhead power lines. The most common version is the conduit current collection system, where the power supply is carried in a channel or vault under the roadway. This is a tube, open at the top to allow a blade to enter and extend slippers against the power conductors, which are either side of the ...
Trolley pole wheel on top of the trolley pole of Twin City Rapid Transit Company No. 1300. A current collector (often called a "pickup") is a device used in trolleybuses, trams, electric locomotives and EMUs to carry electric power from overhead lines, electric third rails, or ground-level power supplies to the electrical equipment of the vehicles.
A rudimentary system of ground-level power supply was used on some stretches with mixed success. [citation needed] As in other French cities at the time the mayor, Jacques Chaban-Delmas (first elected in 1947), embraced anti-tram arguments and decided to terminate the operation of the tramway. He found the tramway to be old-fashioned compared ...
This system (called Alimentation par Sol (APS), meaning 'current supply via ground') is used in various locations around the city but especially in the historic centre: elsewhere the trams use the conventional overhead lines (see also ground-level power supply). In summer 2006 it was announced that two new French tram systems would be using APS ...
Following standards, encompassing full interoperability and a "unified and interoperable solution" for ground-level power supply, are scheduled to be published by the end 2024, detailing a complete European standard on electric road systems "for communication and power supply through conductive rails embedded in the road" [15] [16] as specified ...