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The square root of a positive integer is the product of the roots of its prime factors, because the square root of a product is the product of the square roots of the factors. Since p 2 k = p k , {\textstyle {\sqrt {p^{2k}}}=p^{k},} only roots of those primes having an odd power in the factorization are necessary.
A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...
144 (one hundred [and] forty-four) is the natural number following 143 and preceding 145. It is coincidentally both the square of twelve (a dozen dozens , or one gross .) and the twelfth Fibonacci number , and the only nontrivial number in the sequence that is square.
The square root is multivalued. One value can be chosen by convention as the principal value; in the case of the square root the non-negative value is the principal value, but there is no guarantee that the square root given as the principal value of the square of a number will be equal to the original number (e.g. the principal square root of ...
The duodecimal system, also known as base twelve or dozenal, is a positional numeral system using twelve as its base.In duodecimal, the number twelve is denoted "10", meaning 1 twelve and 0 units; in the decimal system, this number is instead written as "12" meaning 1 ten and 2 units, and the string "10" means ten.
For example, to factor =, the first try for a is the square root of 5959 rounded up to the next integer, which is 78. Then = =. Since 125 is not a square, a second try is made by increasing the value of a by 1. The second attempt also fails, because 282 is again not a square.
A number where some but not all prime factors have multiplicity above 1 is neither square-free nor squareful. The Liouville function λ(n) is 1 if Ω(n) is even, and is -1 if Ω(n) is odd. The Möbius function μ(n) is 0 if n is not square-free. Otherwise μ(n) is 1 if Ω(n) is even, and is −1 if Ω(n) is odd.
The difference between any perfect square and its predecessor is given by the identity n 2 − (n − 1) 2 = 2n − 1. Equivalently, it is possible to count square numbers by adding together the last square, the last square's root, and the current root, that is, n 2 = (n − 1) 2 + (n − 1) + n.