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Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. . Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other ...
In 1994, prior to Austria's accession to the European Union, the Austrian government contracted with APA under an indefinite term agreement for the supply of press-related services. The contract was subsequently amended, transferring the contract from APA to a wholly-owned subsidiary , APA-OTS, converting the cost to Euros , adjusting the price ...
While ITU prefix rules are adhered to in the context of international broadcasting, including amateur radio, it is rarer for countries to assign broadcast call signs to conventional AM, FM, and television stations with purely domestic reach; the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, and Argentina are among those ...
Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.
The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where Wilhelm von Humboldt championed his vision of Einheit von Lehre und Forschung (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, rather than on the previous goals ...
Encyclopædia Britannica, a printed encyclopedia, and Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia. An encyclopedia [a] is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline.
The test for the threshold of originality is in the European Union whether the work is the author's own intellectual creation. This threshold for originality was harmonised within the European Union in 2009 by the European Court of Justice in Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening case.
Originality is the aspect of created or invented works that distinguish them from reproductions, clones, forgeries, or substantially derivative works. [citation needed] The modern idea of originality is according to some scholars tied to Romanticism, [1] by a notion that is often called romantic originality.