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The Government of the Republic of the Rif was established on 18 September 1921 when the Riffian Tribes, led by Abd el-Krim, beat Spain in the Battle of Annual during the Rif War and created the Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif. The Republic of the Rif is considered the first-ever independent non-monarchical modern Amazigh state.
France's general approach to governing the protectorate of Morocco was a policy of indirect rule, where they co-opted existing governance systems to control the protectorate. [5] Specifically, the Moroccan elite and the sultans of Morocco were both left in control while being strongly influenced by the French government. [5]
In the summer of 1921, Rif tribal fighters defeated the Spanish army who attempted to take control over the region. [4] The rebellion's leader, Muhammed bin ‘Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, officially declared the independence of the Rif Republic on September 18, 1921, and established governing institutions in the form of a tribal confederal republic.
The Battle of Annual was fought on 22 July 1921 at Annual, in northeastern Morocco, between the Spanish Army and Rifian Berbers during the Rif War.The Spanish suffered a major military defeat, which is almost always referred to by the Spanish as the Disaster of Annual (Spanish: Desastre de Annual) which is widely considered to be the worst defeat suffered by the modern Spanish Army.
[5] In 710, Salih I ibn Mansur founded the Emirate of Nekor in the Rif, and Berbers started converting to Islam. By the 15th century, many Moors were exiled from Spain, and most of them settled in Western Rif and brought their culture, such as Andalusian music, and even established the city of Chefchaouen. Since then, the Rif has suffered ...
The Rif region has a long-standing history of rebellion against government control and distrust towards Moroccan central authorities.. In the summer of 1921, Rif tribal fighters, defeated the Spanish army who attempted to take control over the region, killing more than 10,000 of their troops at the Battle of Anual, representing the largest lost suffered in a single day by any colonial force in ...
The Rif War witnessed the use of chemical weapons in the 1920s by the Spanish army. [13] [14] In 1958, some Riffians revolted against the government. [3] In the decades that followed, the Rif region has witnessed popular demonstrations and demands for better education, healthcare and job opportunities.
On 29 September, the situation in the al-Dukhaniyya area remained fluid, [26] while the Army captured Al-Suwan and was fighting for Tal Kurdi as they advanced towards Douma. [12] 16 al-Nusra Front fighters were killed in the clashes on the outskirts of al-Dukhaniyya during the day. The next day, fighting continued in the Tal Kurdi and al-Qatari ...