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There are languages that have explicit morphology or syntax to transform a verb into a reflexive form. In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e.g., "She threw herself to the floor."). English employs reflexive derivation idiosyncratically as well, as in ...
S refers to the subject of an intransitive verb, A refers to the agent of a transitive verb, and P refers to the patient of a transitive verb. (The patient is sometimes also called undergoer or theme.) These are core arguments of a verb: Lydia (S) is sleeping. Don (A) is cooking dinner (P).
Often there is a semantic difference between the intransitive and transitive forms of a verb: the water is boiling versus I boiled the water; the grapes grew versus I grew the grapes. In these examples, known as ergative verbs, the role of the subject differs between intransitive and transitive verbs.
Any transitive verb may be made reflexive through the use of the reflexive object prefixes; some morphologically transitive verbs, however, are almost always only used reflexively, e.g. zahua in ninozahuaz ' I will fast (abstain from food) ', or tlaloa in titotlalohqueh ' we ran '. Other commonly used transitive verbs may be used transitively ...
A verb that does not follow all of the standard conjugation patterns of the language is said to be an irregular verb. The system of all conjugated variants of a particular verb or class of verbs is called a verb paradigm; this may be presented in the form of a conjugation table.
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb, aside from an auxiliary verb, whose context does not entail a transitive object. That lack of an object distinguishes intransitive verbs from transitive verbs , which entail one or more objects.
However, prepositions can be compounded with verbs for an applicative effect. For example, from Jack ran faster than the giant, the intransitive verb ran can be made transitive, and the oblique noun giant the object: Jack outran the giant. The applicative verb can be made passive, something which is not possible with ran: The giant was outrun ...
Intransitive verb Transitive verb Ditransitive verb: Valence increasing; Causative Applicative Benefactive Dative shift: Valence decreasing; Passive Antipassive Impersonal passive: Reflexives and reciprocals; Reflexive pronoun Reflexive verb Reciprocal construction Reciprocal pronoun: Linguistics portal