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There are also some specifications for T&M-specific protocols over PC-standard I/O, such as HiSLIP [2] or VXI-11 [3] (over TCP/IP) and USBTMC [4] (over USB). The VISA library has standardized the presentation of its operations over several software reuse mechanisms, including through a C API exposed from Windows DLL , visa32.dll, over the ...
In most bus standards, there is a considerable amount of complexity added in order to support various transfer types and master/slave selection. For instance, with the ISA bus , both of these features had to be added alongside the existing "channels" model, whereby all communications was handled by the host CPU .
VPX computer bus standard - V -VME and P -PCI and X the extents for both buses standards. VXI: 1987 [13] 160 MByte/s [14] Multivendor standard for automated testing expansion cards. Working group is VXIConsortium.
Most programming languages provide I/O facilities either as statements in the language or as functions in a standard library for the language. An alternative to special primitive functions is the I/O monad , which permits programs to just describe I/O, and the actions are carried out outside the program.
The PMC standard defines which connector pins are used for which PCI signals; in addition it defines the optional 64 "P4" connector pins for use of arbitrary I/O signals. It enables manufacturers to offer products that are compatible with the well-established PCI bus, but in a smaller and more robust package than standard PCI plug-in cards.
The memory bus is the bus that connects the main memory to the memory controller in computer systems. Originally, general-purpose buses like VMEbus and the S-100 bus were used, but to reduce latency, modern memory buses are designed to connect directly to DRAM chips, and thus are defined by chip standards bodies such as JEDEC.
Some other computer architectures use different modules with a different bus width. In a single-channel configuration, only one module at a time can transfer information to the CPU. In multi-channel configurations, multiple modules can transfer information to the CPU at the same time, in parallel.
High-pin count (HPC), 400 I/O FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) connectors Top: mezzanine card side Bottom: baseboard side. FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) is an ANSI/VITA (VMEbus International Trade Association) 57.1 standard that defines I/O mezzanine modules with connection to an FPGA or other device with re-configurable I/O capability.