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In SI units, permeability is measured in henries per meter (H/m), or equivalently in newtons per ampere squared (N/A 2). The permeability constant μ 0 , also known as the magnetic constant or the permeability of free space, is the proportionality between magnetic induction and magnetizing force when forming a magnetic field in a classical vacuum .
It is a physical constant, conventionally written as μ 0 (pronounced "mu nought" or "mu zero"). It quantifies the strength of the magnetic field induced by an electric current. Expressed in terms of SI base units, it has the unit kg⋅m⋅s −2 ⋅A −2. It can be also expressed in terms of SI derived units, N⋅A −2.
kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2 ⋅A −1: H magnetic field strength ampere per metre: A/m A⋅m −1: F magnetomotive force: ampere: A = Wb/H A R magnetic reluctance: inverse henry: H −1 = A/Wb kg −1 ⋅m −2 ⋅s 2 ⋅A 2: P magnetic permeance: henry: H = Wb/A kg⋅m 2 ⋅s –2 ⋅A –2: L, M inductance: henry: H = Wb/A = V⋅s/A kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2 ...
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
But for the equations with source terms (Gauss's law and the Ampère-Maxwell equation), the Hodge dual of this 2-form is needed. The Hodge star operator takes a p-form to a (n − p)-form, where n is the number of dimensions. Here, it takes the 2-form (F) and gives another 2-form (in four dimensions, n − p = 4 − 2 = 2).
The magnetic diffusivity has SI units of m²/s and is defined as: [2] =, while in Gaussian units it can be defined as =. In the above, μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the permeability of free space , c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light, and σ 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}} is the electrical conductivity of the material in question.
Introduction to Electrodynamics is a textbook by physicist David J. Griffiths. Generally regarded as a standard undergraduate text on the subject, [1] it began as lecture notes that have been perfected over time. [2] Its most recent edition, the fifth, was published in 2023 by Cambridge University. [3]
The study of electromagnetism in higher education, as a fundamental part of both physics and electrical engineering, [1] [2] [3] is typically accompanied by textbooks devoted to the subject. The American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers recommend a full year of graduate study in electromagnetism for all physics ...