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Export-oriented industrialization was particularly characteristic of the development of the national economies of the developed East Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan in the post-World War II period. [1] Export-led growth is an economic strategy used by some developing countries. The strategy seeks to find a niche in ...
Qualitative differences between substitutive products of different production regions may exist due to different legal requirements and quality standards or different levels of controllability by local production- and governance-systems which may have aspects of security beyond resource security, environmental protection, product quality and ...
In 1971 Robert Baldwin showed that U.S. imports were 27% more capital-intensive than U.S. exports in the 1962 trade data, using a measure similar to Leontief's. [2] [3]In 1980 Edward Leamer questioned Leontief's original methodology for comparing factor contents of an equal dollar value of imports and exports (i.e. on real exchange rate grounds).
Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes; products, whether or not containing nicotine, intended for inhalation without combustion; other nicotine containing products intended for the intake of nicotine into the human body 38,703 1 Poland: 4,441 11.5% 2 Germany: 2,850 7.4% 3 Brazil: 2,452 6.3% 4 Italy: 2,327 6.0% 5 Belgium: 1,627 4.2%
Here, export finance “is often a major constraint inhibiting exports in many low-income countries.” Other issues are more specific to exports: developing countries and their exporters may have difficulty with both the implementation of, and showing compliance with, international product standards and other multilateral agreements.
Human capital flight is the emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training in their home country. The net benefits of human capital flight for the receiving country are sometimes referred to as a "brain gain" whereas the net costs for the sending country are sometimes referred to as a "brain drain". [1]
The strategic competition between the United States and China is a much broader story that is having an impact on all countries and cross-border business.
China has sustained growth due to export relations, its manufacturing sector, and low-wage workers. [99] China's was the only major world economy to experience GDP growth in 2020, when its GDP increased by 2.3%. [100] However, it posted one of its worst economic performances in decades because of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. [101]