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Advanced Placement (AP) Art History (also known as APAH) is an Advanced Placement art history course and exam offered by the College Board in the United States.. AP Art History is designed to allow students to examine major forms of artistic expression relevant to a variety of cultures evident in a wide variety of periods from the present to the past.
Unidirectional, which give a clear, single direction of flow Bidirectional , which give a good linear direction, but it is unclear which direction along the linear trend the water flowed. Paleocurrents are usually measured with an azimuth , or as a rake on a bedding plane, and displayed with a Rose Diagram to show the dominant direction(s) of flow.
Three parameters characterize this relationship: the consistency k, the flow index n, and the yield shear stress . The consistency is a simple constant of proportionality, while the flow index measures the degree to which the fluid is shear-thinning or shear-thickening.
A key tool used to determine the stability of a flow is the Reynolds number (Re), first put forward by George Gabriel Stokes at the start of the 1850s. Associated with Osborne Reynolds who further developed the idea in the early 1880s, this dimensionless number gives the ratio of inertial terms and viscous terms. [4]
Diagram showing definitions and directions for Darcy's law. A is the cross sectional area (m 2) of the cylinder. Q is the flow rate (m 3 /s) of the fluid flowing through the area A. The flux of fluid through A is q = Q/A. L is the length of the cylinder. Δp = p outlet - p inlet = p b - p a.
He also recorded the differences in weight between freshwater and saline water, and between hot water and cold water. [ citation needed ] During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical measure , [ 6 ] in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced.
This can be used to calculate mean values (expectations) of the flow rates, head losses or any other variables of interest in the pipe network. This analysis has been extended using a reduced-parameter entropic formulation, which ensures consistency of the analysis regardless of the graphical representation of the network. [3]
The resulting body of polluted water within an aquifer is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure water pollution within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.