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Lithium orotate (C 5 H 3 LiN 2 O 4) is a salt of orotic acid and lithium.It is available as the monohydrate, LiC 5 H 3 N 2 O 4 ·H 2 O. [1] In this compound, lithium is non-covalently bound to an orotate ion, rather than to a carbonate or other ion, and like other salts, dissolves in solution to produce free lithium ions.
Lithium – Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer, the first to be approved by the US FDA, and still popular in treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring is required to ensure lithium levels remain in the therapeutic range: 0.6 to 0.8 or 0.8–1.2 mEq/L (or millimolar).
As a result, kidney function and blood levels of lithium are monitored in patients being treated with lithium. [2] Therapeutic plasma levels of lithium range from 0.5 to 1.5 mEq/L, with levels of 0.8 or higher being desirable in acute mania. [14] Lithium levels should be above 0.6 mEq/L to reduce both manic and depressive episodes in patients. [15]
Lithium is a teratogen, which can cause birth defects in a small number of newborns. Case reports and several retrospective studies have demonstrated possible increases in the rate of a congenital heart defects including Ebstein's anomaly if taken during pregnancy. Teratogenicity is affected by trimester and dose of Lithium.
ALTO-100, previously known as NSI-189 (NeuralStem Inc. 189), [3] is a drug described as a hippocampal neurogenesis stimulant and indirect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulator which is under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Lurasidone is used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. [2] [21] In bipolar disorder, it has been studied both as a monotherapy and adjunctive treatment to lithium or valproate. [22] The European Medicines Agency approved lurasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia for people aged 13 years and older, [23] but not for bipolar disorder. [8]