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There are three types of languages used in leader communication: direction-giving, emotion-sharing, and meaning-making. Sullivan suggests that the most effective leaders combine all three language types in their communication. ML and its effectiveness have been studied in business, [2] education, [3] government, [4] religion [5] and other ...
The desire to learn is often related to the concept of ‘motivation’. Motivation is the most used concept for explaining the failure or success of a language learner. [1] Second language (L2) refers to a language an individual learns that is not his/her mother tongue, but is of use in the area of the individual.
The markedness model (sociolinguistic theory) proposed by Carol Myers-Scotton is one account of the social indexical motivation for code-switching. [1] The model holds that speakers use language choices to index rights and obligations (RO) sets, the abstract social codes in operation between participants in a given interaction.
Major process theories are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, self-determination theory, and reinforcement theory. [123] Another way to classify theories of motivation focuses on the role of inborn physiological processes in contrast to cognitive processes and distinguishes between biological, psychological, and ...
In the early days of second-language acquisition research on interlanguage was seen as the basic representation of second-language knowledge; however, more recent research has taken several different approaches in characterizing the mental representation of language knowledge. [59] Some theories hypothesize that learner language is inherently ...
Some of the major cognitive theories of how learners organize language knowledge are based on analyses of how speakers of various languages analyze sentences for meaning. MacWhinney, Bates, and Kliegl found that speakers of English, German, and Italian showed varying patterns in identifying the subjects of transitive sentences containing more ...
Dörnyei's theory of motivation is the idea that motivation is developed in a unique and dynamic way that is necessary to gain success in areas where prolonged learning is required. [3] The process-oriented model of motivation seeks to explain Dörnyei's theory through student motivation by focusing on (a) motivational maintenance and volition ...
John B. Carroll, an influential psychologist in the field of educational linguistics, developed a theory about a cluster of four abilities that factored into language learning aptitude, separate from verbal intelligence and motivation. Using these four distinct abilities (phonetic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, rote learning ability ...