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The respiratory bronchioles run for considerable lengths and become increasingly alveolated with side branches of alveolar ducts that become deeply lined with alveoli. The ducts number between two and eleven from each bronchiole. [10] Each duct opens into five or six alveolar sacs into which clusters of alveoli open.
The lungs can be included in the lower respiratory tract or as separate entity and include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. [3] Adult and pediatric airway anatomy. The respiratory tract can also be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone, based on the distinction of transporting gases or ...
There are five or six alveolar sacs associated with each alveolar duct. The alveolus is the basic anatomical unit of gas exchange in the lung. The main bronchi have relatively large lumens that are lined by respiratory epithelium. This cellular lining has cilia departing towards the mouth which removes dust and other small particles.
The primary purpose of the respiratory system is the equalizing of the partial pressures of the respiratory gases in the alveolar air with those in the pulmonary capillary blood (Fig. 11). This process occurs by simple diffusion , [ 22 ] across a very thin membrane (known as the blood–air barrier ), which forms the walls of the pulmonary ...
Alveoli are the spherical outcroppings of the respiratory bronchioles. Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins formed by type II alveolar cells. [1] The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Thus, it includes the alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli but not the respiratory bronchioles. [30] The unit described as the secondary pulmonary lobule is the lobule most referred to as the pulmonary lobule or respiratory lobule. [25]: 489 [31] This lobule is a discrete unit that is the smallest component of the lung that can be seen without aid ...
The respiratory bronchioles deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs. [5] They are interrupted by alveoli which are thin walled evaginations. Alveolar ducts are side branches of the respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium along with some non-ciliated cells called club cells. [6]
Within the lungs, the ventilation process specifically involves organs like respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. For the perfusion process, the circulatory organs of the cardiovascular system such as the heart, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and alveolar capillaries are involved.